When pointing out skincare, cleansing deserves a focus, and calling it ‘over-exaggerated’ is an understatement in the context of Korean cleansing oils. It seems these cleansing oils have gone viral for all the right reasons. This year alone, the market is flooded with impressive oils that satisfy certain needs and types, meaning getting clean and supple skin is easier than ever.
In this guide, we will review some of the finest Korean cleansing oils of 2024 by evaluating them based on their potency and ingredients. Ratings based on different skin types have also been included in this analysis, ‘ best for oily types’ and ‘best for dry and sensitive types’ and oils that safeguard the skin from harmful side effects. By the end of this article, you will be familiar with all aspects of cleansing oil, whether you are a pro expert or a novice stepping into the K-beauty world – this will help you fine-tune your skincare routine.
What are the top oil-based cleansers for sensitive skin?
If your skin is sensitive, you must ensure that the cleanser you use only has gentle and nonirritating ingredients. Below are some of the best Korean-based cleansers for sensitive skin in 2024:
- The Face Shop Rice Water Bright Light Cleansing Oil
This is the perfect option for sensitivity because it contains rice water and jojoba oil, which hydrates this lightweight cleansing oil while removing impurities.
- Dear Klairs, Gentle Black Deep Cleansing Oil
This rich blend of black sesame and black bean oil ensures delicate skincare while thoroughly cleansing the face and removing any impurities.
- iUNIK Calendula Complete Cleansing Oil
This gentle cleansing oil has 94 natural ingredients, including calendula, which greatly helps sensitive skin while deeply cleansing and calming it.
- Heimish All Clean Balm
This cleansing oil is highly preferred for soothing sensitive skin due to its hypoallergenic composition, which helps efficiently cleanse facial makeup.
All the cleansers mentioned above are effective yet gentle and designed to clean your face thoroughly without irritating sensitive skin. However, a patch test should always be conducted to verify a new product’s compatibility with sensitive skin.
Gentle Cleansing Oils for Acne-Prone Skin
Using acne-prone creams gets complicated when applying cleansing oils because, if not done correctly, your pores might get blocked. Following is a list of a few best serving options:
- DHC Deep Cleansing Oil
Infused with olive oil and vitamin E, this cult-favorite cleanser effortlessly breaks down sebum and makeup while nourishing the skin. This oil is also comedogenic and extremely effective in correcting acne-prone oily skin.
- Kose Softymo Speedy Cleansing Oil
Since it is a multi-functional cleansing oil, it can penetrate oil and dirt without impairing the pores, leaving the skin feeling supple, light, and clean. The blendable formula dramatically reduces the chances of irritation and aids in acne prevention.
- Biossance Squalane + Antioxidant Cleansing Oil
Everything about this oil screams perfection. The formula infused with Squalene hydrates and cleanses, and it also brings relief to those with acne-prone sensitive skin. It’s non-comedogenic, which means it won’t cause acne.
People with acne-growing skin should best avoid comedogenic products. The oils listed above, while deeply cleansing, lessen the chances of breakouts. And always remember two defined words: double cleanse.
Best Korean Cleansing Oils with Soothing Ingredients
Korean cleansing oils are excellent options with their cleansing properties and gentle, soothing ingredients, which I have tried and tested. The following were the strongest in my search, which makes me recommend them to you:
- Klairs Gentle Black Deep Cleansing Oil
This oil works best to nourish and soothe irritated skin, including black currant and sesame oils, which are part of a famous brand. This makes the oil ideal for firming harsh, ultra-dry, or sensitive skin, as it helps to feel no tightness during cleansing.
- Banila Co Clean It Zero Cleansing Balm – Purifying
Also advertised as a purifying balm, this oil sustains and soothes the skin during makeup removal. Jam-packed with ingredients such as Centella Asiatica, this is a great option for ensuring reddened and irritated skin calming during your facial routine.
- The Face Shop Rice Water Bright Rich Cleansing Oil
Well known for its brightening and calming properties, the face shop oil I used claims to deeply cleanse the skin while ensuring it feels radiating and fresh. This oil also works wonders in soothing stressed or heated skin.
All the previously mentioned products work perfectly to normalize the irritations caused by cleansing after using an oil. They ensure the oil is incorporated properly into the skincare routine.
Vegan and cruelty-free options for sensitive skin types
Some great products exist if you are looking for vegan and cruelty-free skincare for sensitive skin. From my experience, I would suggest trying Pacifica Beauty Sea Foam Complete Face Wash First, as it contains coconut water and seaweed that help to cleanse the complexion Easily. Youth to the People Superfood Antioxidant Cleanser is another great one that contains kale, spinach, and green tea to soothe and balance the skin without irritating it. Lastly, pure263 Biossance Squalane + Antioxidant Cleansing Oil is ideal for sensitive routines, as it gently removes dirt without heavy cleansing while keeping the skin moisturized. All these are also good for the skin as well as good in terms of ethics.
How do cleansing oils work in a double cleansing routine?
Cleansing oils are essential in double-cleansing since they are the first step. Think of it as makeup sunscreen or any other oil-based product that targets or even strips the skin of its natural moisture. , Thus, a harsh skin cleanse or wash is not the case. This means that the first stage skin cleanse is effective but a little delicate and paves the way for the second stage, usually done using a water-based skin product aimed at washing away any residues and deep cleaning the pores. Together, these prepare the skin so ideally that it is as if it had never been treated before. Thus, the skin appears balanced and ready to have any products applied.
The benefits of oil cleansers in removing waterproof makeup
Oil cleansers are potent exfoliants for waterproof makeup since they can dissolve most oil-based products, regardless of the removers. Waterproof makeup, such as long-wearing foundations, mascara, and lipsticks, contains water-repelling ingredients such as silicone and wax. Such ingredients resist normal cleansers, but oil in cleansing formulas binds to them.
Oil cleansing helps remove these formulations well but preserves the skin’s natural lipid barrier, so dryness or irritation is not an issue. Furthermore, most oil cleansers consist of oil with jojoba or squalane, thus moisturizing the skin and providing food for the skin. Some tips for the best results are to massage the oil cleanser on dry skin to loosen the makeup, then rinse with lukewarm water or emulsify the cleanser with water and use that to wash your face. Their combination makes them perfect for ensuring cleanliness and health for your skin.
Proper techniques for emulsifying and rinsing oil cleansers
When it comes to achieving the most outstanding results with an oil cleanser, I believe in applying them on dry skin and carrying out a gentle to a bit firm massage in a circular fashion while avoiding going overboard on the intensity, as this is going to help in melting down the make-up, sunscreen, and other impurities. Once everything is softened, I take a tiny bit of warm water to my palms and mix the water with the oil – this works to change the texture of the oil into a milky consistency. I always follow the emulsifying step by washing my face with warm water and ensuring no oil residue is left on my face. Another way to achieve a refreshing, clean feeling on my skin without completely ripping off the always moisturized feeling is to use a gentle water-based cleaner after I finish the oil cleanser, often called double cleansing.
Combining oil cleansers with water-based cleansers for optimal results
This approach allows for synergy between two types of facial cleansers by using an oil cleanser first and then following it with a water-based cleaner. An oil cleanser is great for removing the topical impurities of oils, creams, makeup, excessive sunscreen, and excess oil. Taking a pump of the oil accommodating cleanser, massage it on the face in a circular motion for 1 – 2 minutes while the surface is dry. This facilitates breaking down the impurities and emulsifying the oil with water, rinsing all the water-insoluble debris. Follow this with a water-based cleanser, which removes water-soluble debris such as sweat and dirt from the skin. The water temperature should be around 36 – 40 degrees Celsius, preferably where the skin does not get irritated. This combination cleaning technique works on all individuals irrespective of gender or skin type, even sensitive adult skin and acne-prone skin.
What are the best cleansing oils for dry skin?
For dry skin, cleansing oils that are effective and provide moisture are recommended. As also mentioned, look for nourishing ingredients like Jojoba oil, Argan oil, or Squalane that help keep skin hydrated. Some DHC deep cleaning oils, such as rice Bran oil cleaners from The Face Shop and Burt’s Bees cleaning oil with coconut and argan oils, are strong options. Gently removing makeup does not leave out natural conditions of the skin. Dry skin should not apply cleansing oils with chemical and fragrant ingredients because they will steal away natural conditions.
Nourishing ingredients to look for in cleansing oils
While selecting a cleansing oil, ensure it is made with ingredients that protect and enhance the skin. One impressive ingredient is jojoba oil, which mimics sebum produced within the skin, thus providing moisturization but not in an excessive pore-blocking way. Argan oil soothes and hydrates dry skin with its antioxidants, vitamin E, and essential fatty acids. Squalane hydrolyzes skin dramatically as it is obtained from plants and works well with sensitive skin without irritation. Oils such as grapeseed, avocado, and camellia seed aid cleansing by penetrating the skin and providing nourishment, and these oils work very well. Never use cleansing oils that have parabens or alcohol, as these tend to irritate the skin by destroying its natural protective barrier. Such cleansing oils should instead be used with balanced skin-enhancing ingredients.
Top Picks for Hydrating and Moisturizing Oil Cleansers
- DH Deep Cleansing Oil
- Main Components: E Vitamin, Olive Oil
- Advantages: Worked perfectly to purify the skin by removing makeup and nourishing it with rich antioxidants to keep free radicals at bay.
- Skin Classification: All skin classifications, including dry and sensitive.
- Tatcha Pure One-Step Camellia Cleansing Oil
- Main Components: Rice bran oil, Camellia oil
- Advantages: An enriched formula that promotes skin glow, is lightweight, and easily removes tough-to-get makeup.
- Skin Classification: From dry to typical skin types.
- The Ordinary Squalane Cleanser
- Main Components: Squalane
- Advantages: It cleanses the skin while providing the nourishment and moisture it needs, making it perfect for sensitive skin.
- Skin Classification: All skin, even sensitive skin types.
- Tata Harper Nourishing Oil Cleanser
- Main Components: Argan oil, Sunflower seed oil, Apricot kernel oil.
- Advantages: This non-abrasive method of removing impurities maintains hydration in the skin and repairs the skin barrier. It is suitable for all skin types.
- Skin Classification: Dry and normal skin types.
- Farmacy Green Clean Makeup Removing Cleansing Balm
- Main Components: Papaya enzyme, Ginger root oil, Sunflower oil.
- Advantages: It provides moisture while quickly removing makeup and SPF while offering gentle exfoliation.
- Skin Classification: Mix of oily and dry skin types.
To ensure the best results, cleansing should be done with products targeting specific skin issues, using moisturizing and nourishing ingredients.
Be sure to look for fragrance-free specifications that contain no parabens, alcohol, or irritants to the skin. This information helps you verify that the product is both safe and effective.
Which Korean cleansing oils are most effective for pore care?
- Banila Co Clean It Zerot Cleansing Balm Pore Clarifying
Jojoba oil, tea tree oil, and a combination of AHA/BHA/LHA make the skin pore-clearing solution.
- Pros: The oil control, pore cleansing, and blackhead prevention are the focus of the exfoliation.
- Skin Type: People who have oily or even mixed skin.
- Klairs Gentle Black Deep Cleansing Oil
Black sesame oil, black currant seeds, and Jojoba oil have been combined in this particular recipe.
- Pros: Effectively removing oil and impurities from large pores enables the skin to retain its moisture barrier.
- Skin Type: This product suits most users but is especially effective for sensitive skin.
- HANSKIN PORE Cleansing Oil BHA
Excess Sebum Oil and salicylic acid have been infused with olive oil and aloe extracts.
- Pros: This product’s key features include cleansing pores, Exfoliating, and fighting acne while moisturizing skin.
- Skin Type: This product works great for oil and acne-prone skin.
To effectively treat pore-clogging problems, these Korean cleansing oils work miracles on congested pores. To maximize efficacy, choose products according to your specific skin type.
Oil cleansers that help unclog and minimize pores
Indeed, oil cleansers are great for removing excess sebum, sunscreen, makeup, and other impurities without drying out your skin, and such products make it easier to unclog and reduce the size of pores. Klairs Gentle Black Deep Cleansing Oil stands out as one of the best products for all skin types, while HANSKIN Pore Cleansing Oil BHA excels for acne-prone oily skin types due to its salicylic acid formulation. If you have combination/ oily skin, including, guess what, uncontrolled oil and blackheads, DHC Deep Cleansing Oil may be the best choice for you. Whenever an oil cleanser that meets your requirements is used, it will enhance the health of your pores.
Best formulas for oily and combination skin types
For oily and combination skin types, it’s crucial to find an appropriate oil cleanser that does not disturb the balance of your skin. Below are some of the best to use:
- Klairs Gentle Black Deep Cleansing Oil
- Key Ingredients: Black sesame oil, black currant seed oil
- Benefits: It is a Great antioxidant that protects the skin barrier and removes unwanted elements.
- Textures: Very light and do not leave any oily residue on the skin.
- Perfect For: All skin types; however, it is most beneficial for sensitive and oily skin.
- HANSKIN Pore Cleansing Oil BHA
- Key Ingredients: Salicylic acid, tea tree oil
- Benefits: Enters the pore deeper to resolve excess fat and dead skin. Great for managing breakouts.
- Textures: Medium-thick but blends in smoothly on the skin.
- Perfect For: People with acne and oily skin.
- DHC Deep Cleansing Oil
- Key Ingredients: Olive oil, rosemary leaf oil
- Benefits: A good option to remove stubborn makeup and does not dry the skin while reducing blackheads.
- Textures: Rich but does not block pores.
- Perfect For: Oily and combination skin. Overall, it is very good for controlling sebum.
Such formulas remove congestion of the pores while preserving the skin’s moisture for a clear complexion. Salicylic acid and antioxidants are great cleansers for oily and combination skin types, moderate emulsification and thorough rinsing with warm water.
What are the standout ingredients in popular Korean cleansing oils?
Korean cleansing oils contain unique ingredients that address specific skin needs while helping hydrate them. Some key fractions include olive oil, which penetrates the skin deeply and works well to remove makeup, and green tea extract, which has good anti-oxidants and reduces inflammation from skin rashes. Jojoba oil is also popular as it is similar to oil naturally produced by the skin; thus, it is an effective moisturizer without blocking pores. In addition, rice bran oil is commendable because of its skin whitening and scrubbing benefits, whereas tea tree oil is good for bacteria-free skin, which is oily and has acne. It is these ingredients that have been carefully selected that make Korean cleansing oils to be the first multi-functional skin care product.
The benefits of ginseng in Beauty of Joseon Ginseng Cleansing Oil
I have experience with ginseng, which is essential in Beauty of Joseon Ginseng Cleansing Oil for its revitalizing abilities. It contains antioxidants that fight free radicals and ameliorate the indications of old age, such as fine lines and dullness. Ginseng enhances blood circulation; my skin always feels fresh and invigorated after every wash. Its deep moisturizing capabilities, without leaving a heavy feeling on the skin, make it ideal for every skin type – which I love the most. The oil, combined with other nourishing ingredients, ensures my skin is clean, supple, and hydrated, which is a perfect base for my further skincare regimen.
Exploring the effectiveness of jojoba and macadamia seed oils
Jojoba and macadamia seed oils are the star elements of the Beauty of Joseon Ginseng Cleansing Oil, as they add multiple values to the skin. Jojoba oil, which has a similar structure to sebum produced by the skin, is known to help regulate oil production on the skin and is suitable for both oily and dry skin. This oil contains E and B vitamins, which ensure healthy levels of skin and aid in tissue repair, acting as a protective agent. Its lightweight texture ensures the pores are not blocked while offering the necessary moisture.
Alternatively, macadamia seed oil has high palmitoleic acid concentrations, an omega-7 fatty acid that seeks to repair the skin’s natural barrier and encourages moisture retention. This oil has a lesser molecular structure, making it easy to penetrate deeper skin levels. Also, macadamia seed oil is extracted from nuts, which are rich in antioxidants, including squalene, which combats free radical oxidative damage and skin deterioration. Thus, makeup remover oils would have a better cleansing formula as one could thoroughly cleanse one’s face, leaving it soft, moisturized, and balanced.
How do you choose the right cleansing oil for your skin type?
It’s essential to understand the properties of oils and the needs of the skin culture to choose the right cleansing oil suited to one’s type. People with oily or acne-prone skin can use non-comedogenic oils suited to their condition, such as jojoba or grapeseed oil, which help as they do not obstruct the pores while controlling the sebum. Riche oils such as macadamia oil or avocado oil are good for dry skin as they are more moisturizing and also help strengthen the skin barrier. Those people with sensitive skin should choose gentle oils like chamomile or camellia oil, as they have calming properties. Always be on the hunt for unnecessary fragrances and irritants and patch testing.
Key factors to consider when selecting an oil-based cleanser
- Skin Type:
- Oily or acne-prone skin: Don’t choose clogging oils such as Castor oils; instead, use jojoba oil or grapeseed oil, which will help keep your pores unclogged and assist in balancing sebum secretion.
- Dry Skin: Choose densely moisturizing oils, such as macadamia or avocado oil, which help rehydrate the skin and repair the skin barrier.
- Sensitive Skin: Use oils that help relieve skin irritation and calm the skin.
- Comedogenic Rating
- If you are prone to cracking or have a dry skin type, especially in acne-prone areas, oils rated as 2 or lower on the comedogenic scale are preferable, so pore blockage won’t be an issue.
- Ingredient Composition
- Oily skin is sensitive, so try avoiding cleansers that contain synthetic fragrances, alcohol, and other skin irritants.
- Try opting for cleansers high in antioxidant properties, such as vitamin E, and oils infused with argan oil, as they are anti-inflammatory.
- Texture and performance:
- Lightweight Oils Are ideal for people with oily skin types as they are easily washed off, so residues aren’t an issue.
- Richer oils or balms are best for dry skin since they are infused with high hydration levels.
- Patch Testing:
- During initial usage, a small amount of product is applied to a less visible area to assess if an allergy will develop.
- pH Balance
- Always use a soap with a pH not too far from the skin to avoid disturbing its natural barrier. A soothing, skin-friendly pH would be around 4.5 to 5.5.
Considering these aspects ensures that your oil cleanser is appropriate for your skin type and will work properly.
Recommendations for Different Skin Concerns and Preferences
Here’s the type of oil-based cleaner you should opt for depending on your preference and skin type:
- For Acne-Prone Skin
Lightweight oils such as tea tree oil or jojoba oil will be a good option since they won’t clog your pores and are non-comedogenic, which might help lower the number of breakouts you get.
- For Dry or Sensitive Skin
Nourishing balms with elements such as shea butter and camellia oil will be ideal for you since they will be able to hydrate your skin richly and not irritate your skin, which is more of a sensitive type.
- For Oily Skin
Squalane or grapeseed oil-based cleansers are great for light and deep cleansing while feeling balanced.
- For Aging Skin
If your skin is constantly aging or losing elasticity, use rosehip oil or vitamin C cleansers, as these ingredients maintain skin elasticity and charisma.
It is best to always match the skin products with your preferences and other concerns, and these recommendations listed will help greatly if the skin needs are more specific.
What are the latest innovations in Korean cleansing oils for 2024?
The Korean cleansing oils for 2024 display great innovations thanks to the new formulations by the brands and their eco-friendly practices. The most important of those is fermented enzymes that aid in exfoliation while preserving the balance of the skin microbiome. Many brands have also started to switch to plant-based oils, such as moringa and camellia, along with eco-friendly packaging to keep up with the recent trends in sustainable practices. Moreover, modern cleansers have hybrid types, which possess multiple effects by combining the cleaning oil with essence or serum to hydrate and calm the skin during cleansing. Water-activated formulas are also growing in popularity as they are clean to use and emulsify easily, which works well with contemporary skincare.
New formulations and unique ingredients hitting the market
As seen in the newest cleansing oils out of Korea, these oils work while still being compatible with your skin. Sea buckthorn oil, which has vitamins C and E, and fermented rice bran oil are some of the major ingredients. These ingredients help maintain a healthy skin complexion while protecting your skin from free radicals. Furthermore, patented ceramide complexes are employed to maintain an appropriate hydration level during the cleansing process without causing any irritation.
An optimal pH of 5.0 to 6.0 adds to the new formulations to preserve the skin’s natural acidity and still cleanse the skin well. Cleansing oils that need water have added emulsifiers that remove skin residue fully while ensuring the skin does not dry out. Some products also include microcapsule technology, which protects active substances and releases them gradually after the item is applied. These all mark the improvements in functionality, eco-friendliness, and innovation for new products.
Trending cleansing oil textures: from silky to milky consistencies
Cleansing oils have transformed from a singular creation with a similar texture to many textures with multiple purposes, skin types, and personal needs. Silky cleansing oils seem to have a tendency to be extremely thin and feel as if it is not sitting on the skin; they emulsify makeup and dirt with great ease and a luxurious feel; oils such as jojoba, sunflower, and grapeseed oil are commonly included too, as they feel similar to natural sebum and further reduces the chances of being bad for the skin. On the other hand, to ensure they feel soft when applied, oily cleansing oils are developed with a viscosity of around 100 to 200 cP; only then will these not feel excessively oily once applied on the skin.
However, milky cleansing oils work slightly differently as they initially start as oil; once mixed with water, they become a milky emulsion instead. Strong emulsifiers like polysorbates or PEG-20 glyceryl tristearate make this possible. When used with water, these emulsifiers help remove excess dirt and makeup from the skin. Milky consistency is mild for people with dry and sensitive skin; they can also use it without worrying about damage to the skin layer; milky emulsions tend to maintain a pH of 5.0-6.0, similar to skin’s natural acidity. As a result, the chances of any irritation are lowered.
Both textures focus on rinseability and detergent off the skin without leaving any residue behind. Some notable developments in this area are water-initiated emulsion-breaking technology and humectants like glycerin to avoid dehydration after washing. These textures offer modern solutions to contemporary skin care requirements for those who love the smooth feel of lightweight oils and enjoy the smoothness of a milky changeover.
References
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
Q: How do Korean cleansing oils melt away makeup?
A: Korean cleansing oils are designed to effectively melt away makeup, including waterproof mascara and long-lasting foundations. They contain nourishing oils like jojoba, olive, and argan that dissolve makeup and impurities without stripping the skin. When massaged onto dry skin, these oils break down makeup, sunscreen, and other residue, making them easy to rinse with water.
Q: What makes Korean cleansing oils different from other makeup removers?
A: Korean cleansing oils are part of the famous Korean skincare routine and are formulated to be gentle yet effective. They often contain beneficial ingredients like vitamin E, rosehip oil, and various plant extracts that nourish the skin while cleansing. Unlike some harsh makeup removers, these oils don’t dry out the skin and can be suitable for all skin types, including oily and sensitive skin.
Q: Are vegan cleansing oils available in Korean skincare?
A: Yes, many Korean brands offer vegan cleansing oil options. These products are formulated without animal-derived ingredients and are often enriched with plant-based oils and extracts. Vegan cleansing oils can be just as effective at removing makeup and impurities while being suitable for those following a vegan lifestyle or with specific ethical concerns.
Q: How do I use a Korean cleansing oil in my skincare routine?
A: To use a Korean cleansing oil, start with dry hands and a dry face. Apply one to two oil pumps onto your palms and gently massage them onto your face in circular motions. This will help melt away makeup, sunscreen, and other impurities. After massaging for about 30 seconds, add a small amount of water to emulsify the oil. Rinse thoroughly with lukewarm water. Follow up with another cleanser (double cleansing) for a thorough cleanse.
Q: Can Korean cleansing oils remove waterproof makeup and SPF?
A: Absolutely! Korean cleansing oils are especially effective at removing waterproof makeup and sunscreen with high SPF. The oils in these cleansers break down and dissolve even the most stubborn makeup and sunscreen residues, making them an excellent choice for those who wear long-lasting or waterproof cosmetics and heavy-duty sun protection.
Q: Are there any Korean cleansing oils with unique ingredients like peach or ginger?
A: Many Korean cleansing oils incorporate unique ingredients for added benefits. For example, some brands offer peach-infused cleansing oils known for their brightening properties. Others might include ingredients like ginger root extract, which can help improve circulation and provide a warming sensation. The iUNIK Calendula Complete Cleansing Oil is another example of using calendula extract for its soothing properties.
Q: Do Korean cleansing oils lather like regular cleansers?
A: Unlike regular cleansers, Korean cleansing oils typically don’t lather. Instead, they start as an oil and emulsify into a milky consistency when they come in contact with water. This allows them to effectively remove makeup and impurities without foaming agents. If you prefer a lathering effect, you can follow up with a foam cleanser as part of a double-cleansing routine.
Q: How long does a bottle of Korean cleansing oil typically last?
A: A bottle of Korean cleansing oil usually goes a long way. Depending on the brand and your usage, a 150ml (about 5 oz) bottle can last anywhere from 2 to 4 months with daily use. Most cleansing oils are concentrated, and you typically only need one pump or a small amount for each cleansing session. This makes them not only practical but also cost-efficient in the long run.
